Medellín's Textile Factories: The Rise and Fall of an Industry

The beginnings of the textile industry

The history of textile factories in Medellín began in the mid-19th century when the city started to establish itself as an industrial center. The first major textile factory was Coltejer, founded in 1907, which quickly became a symbol of progress. Medellín's strategic location in the Aburrá Valley, with access to water and hydroelectric power, facilitated the development of this industry. By 1920, several textile factories were already operating in the city, including Fabricato, founded in 1921.

During the first decades of the 20th century, the textile industry benefited from protectionist policies that favored local production over imports. This allowed the factories to grow rapidly, generating employment and contributing to the economic development of Medellín. Raw materials such as cotton were mainly imported from the United States and Egypt, while machinery arrived from Europe.

The economic boom of the 50s

The 1950s marked the peak of the textile industry in Medellín. During this period, the city experienced unprecedented economic growth, largely driven by textile exports. Coltejer and Fabricato led the market, producing fabrics sold both in Colombia and abroad. The quality of Medellín's textile products was internationally recognized, and the factories were modernized with advanced technology.

This economic boom had a significant impact on Medellín's society. Textile factories not only generated employment but also offered social benefits such as subsidized housing, education, and healthcare for their workers. Entire neighborhoods like Robledo and Belén grew around these factories, becoming vibrant urban centers.

Crisis and factory closures

The textile industry began to face serious challenges in the 1980s. Economic liberalization and free-market policies exposed local factories to international competition, especially from Asian countries with lower production costs. Furthermore, a lack of technological innovation and high operating costs made many textile companies unable to remain competitive.

By the 1990s, several emblematic factories had closed or significantly reduced their production. Coltejer and Fabricato survived but had to diversify their activities and reduce staff. The closure of these factories had a profound impact on the local economy, leaving thousands of workers unemployed and affecting entire communities that depended on the textile industry.

Legacy in the city

Despite the crisis, the legacy of the textile industry remains present in Medellín. Many of the former factories have been converted into cultural, commercial, and residential spaces. For example, the Coltejer building in the city center is now an architectural icon and houses offices and shops. Additionally, some textile companies have managed to remain active, adapting to new market demands.

The textile industry also left a cultural mark on Medellín. Fashion design and garment manufacturing remain important in the city, with events like Colombiamoda attracting designers and buyers from around the world. The textile tradition is also reflected in local crafts, with products like traditional backpacks and weavings that remain popular among tourists.

What remains today of the textile industry in Medellín?

As of April 2026, Medellín remains an important center for fashion and garment manufacturing, albeit on a smaller scale than in its golden age. Companies like Fabricato continue to operate, focusing on specific markets and high-quality products. Furthermore, the city has seen the emergence of new sustainable fashion and innovative design companies, seeking to recapture some of its past splendor.

For those interested in exploring this legacy, visiting the Museo de Antioquia, which features exhibitions on the city's industrial history, or taking a stroll through downtown Medellín to admire the buildings that were once textile factories, is recommended. It is also worthwhile to attend events like Colombiamoda, held annually, which showcases the best of the textile and fashion industry in Colombia.

Medellín's textile industry may no longer have the same economic weight as before, but its impact on the city and its culture remains undeniable. It serves as a reminder of how an industry can transform a city and leave a lasting legacy.

Origins

The history of textile factories in Medellín has its roots in the arrival of industry in the late 19th century, fueled by the wealth generated by coffee cultivation in the region. In 1880, the first textile factory, "Fábrica de Hilados y Tejidos de Medellín," was founded, marking the beginning of industrialization in the city. This process was powered by the availability of water resources, as rivers like the Medellín provided the necessary energy to run the machinery of the time.

During the early decades of the 20th century, Medellín consolidated itself as an important textile production center in Colombia. The city attracted immigrants from various parts of the country who came in search of work in these factories. This not only contributed to the local economy but also led to a cultural melting pot that enriched Medellín's identity.

However, the textile industry was not without its challenges. Competition from imported products and changes in global demand led many factories to close or reduce their production. Despite this, some of the most emblematic factories, such as "Fabricato" and "Coltejer," have managed to adapt and reinvent themselves in the new millennium.

To better understand this rich history, it is recommended to visit some places that have witnessed the rise and fall of this industry:

Timeline or historical milestones

1830-1850: Industrialization begins in Medellín with the arrival of the first textile factories, driven by the abundance of water resources and local labor. This period marks the city's transformation from an agricultural center to an industrial one.

1880: The first major textile factory, "Fábrica de Tejidos de Medellín," is founded, becoming a model for other companies in the sector. This factory is crucial for the economic and social development of the region.

1920: Medellín positions itself as the textile capital of Colombia, with over 100 factories in operation. The production of fabrics and garments becomes the engine of the local economy.

1950: The textile industry reaches its peak, with technological innovations and the creation of new products. During this time, the "Feria de las Flores" becomes a showcase for fashion and design, highlighting the connection between the textile industry and local culture.

1990: Significant challenges begin to emerge for the industry, including international competition and market liberalization. Many factories face difficulties, and some close, leading to a change in the city's industrial landscape.

2000-2010: A transformation in the industry is observed, with a focus on sustainability and local production. New brands emerge, blending tradition with innovation, and revitalizing the textile sector.

2020 onwards: Textile factories in Medellín are in a process of reinvention, betting on sustainable fashion and contemporary design. Collaboration between local designers and artisans is promoted, revaluing manual labor and cultural identity.

Key figures or events

Within the history of textile factories in Medellín, several figures and events have left an indelible mark on the evolution of this industry. Below are some of the most relevant:

José María Vélez

Considered one of the pioneers of the textile industry in Medellín, José María Vélez founded the La Estrella yarn and fabric factory in 1880. His vision and dedication helped establish the city as an important industrial center in Colombia.

The Public Improvement Society

Founded in 1907, this organization played a key role in promoting Medellín's industrial development. Through its efforts, policies and projects were implemented that fostered the growth of various industries, including textiles.

El Trapiche Yarn and Fabric Factory

Inaugurated in 1920, this factory stood out for its innovation in textile production. In its time, it was one of the largest and most modern, contributing to the industry's boom in the city.

The impact of the Industrial Revolution

The arrival of the Industrial Revolution in Medellín in the 19th century transformed the local economy. Textile factories began to proliferate, creating employment and attracting workers from various regions of the country. This change marked the beginning of a new era for the city.

The crisis of the 90s

Economic liberalization and international competition led many of Medellín's textile factories to bankruptcy in the 1990s. This period was characterized by deindustrialization and the migration of workers to other areas, profoundly affecting the city's economic structure.

Current status

Currently, the textile industry in Medellín faces significant challenges but also opportunities for reinvention. Although many historic factories have closed, some have managed to adapt, merging tradition with innovation. The city has seen a resurgence in textile production through emerging brands that prioritize sustainability and fair trade.

As interest in local design grows, creative spaces have been established where textile entrepreneurs can explore new trends and techniques. The revitalization of areas like downtown Medellín has spurred the creation of workshops and boutiques that not only sell products but also tell the story of fashion in the region.

Furthermore, events like the Design Fair and the Flower Festival (Feria de las Flores) have allowed local designers to showcase their work, creating a bridge between tradition and modernity. The community has come together to support these initiatives, which in turn have revitalized interest in local fashion and textile production.

For those interested in exploring Medellín's textile sector, here are some recommended places:

Casa de la Memoria

A cultural space that hosts exhibitions on Medellín's history, including its rich textile heritage. Insider Tip: Visit the souvenir shop, where you can find products made by local artisans, directly supporting the community's economy.

Parque Arví

Not only an ecotourism destination, but it also hosts sustainable production initiatives. Here, some entrepreneurs offer sewing and design workshops. Insider Tip: Take the opportunity to participate in a weaving workshop; it's a unique way to connect with the region's textile tradition.